| schema:description | "内容記述: Forward, Kofi A. Annan. Preface, Klaus Topfer. 1. The science of ozone depletion: From theory to certainty: Introduction; Early theories: Scientists identify and name ozone; Modern scientists hypothesize threats to ozone; Discovering and measuring the Antarctic ozone 'hole'; International scientific teams link CFCs and ozone depletion; First assessment, 1989: 1987 Protocol inadequate, total phase-out required; Second assessment, 1991: Quicker phase-out possible, control HCFCs and methyl bromide; Expedition finds significant depletion over the northern hemisphere; Third assessment, 1994: Mount Pinatubo volcano depletes ozone, Arctic ozone depletion confirmed; Fourth assessment, 1998: Montreal Protocol working, ODSs in the atmosphere peak in 1994; The ozone layer today. 2. Diplomacy: The beginning, 1974-1987: Introduction; The World Plan of Action, 1977; Coordinating Committee on the Ozone Layer (CCOL) and the Ozone Layer Bulletins Harmonizing national policies, 1979-1981; The Governing Council sets up a negotiating group, 1981; Ad Hoc Working Group of Legal and Technical Experts, 1982; First draft convention and discussions, 1982; First specific proposal to control CFCs, 1983; Further negotiations, 1983-1985; The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985; First comprehensive scientific assessment, 1985; Economic and environmental workshops, 1986; Negotiations on the protocol, 1986-1987; Focusing on the key questions; The 'breakthrough' session, April 1987; Seventh draft protocol, 1987, and country comments; The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987. 3. Diplomacy: From strength to strength, 1988-1992: Introduction; Preparations for the entry into force of the Convention and the Protocol; Dissatisfaction of major developing countries; First Meeting of the Parties, Helsinki, 1989: Resolve to phase out by 2000; Preparatory work for the Second Meeting of the Parties; Discussions on the financial mechanism, control measures and technology, 1990; Second Meeting of the Parties, London, 1990: Phase-out by 2000 and US$240 million fund approved; Preparatory work for the third Meeting of the Parties; Third Meeting of the Parties, Nairobi, 1991: Import of products with CFCs banned from non-Parties; Further progress in 1991; Proposals to accelerate the phase-out; Multilateral Fund or Global Environment Facility?; Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, 1992; Opposition to methyl bromide controls; Faster phase-outs welcomed by industrialized countries; Incremental costs; Fourth Meeting of the Parties, Copenhagen, 1992: HCFCs, methyl bromide controlled, Fund confirmed. 4. Diplomacy: Racing towards success, 1993-2001: Introduction; Fifth Meeting of the Parties, Bangkok, 1993: Second replenishment of the Fund by US#455 million; Sixth Meeting of the Parties, Nairobi, 1994: Russian Federation gives notice of non-compliance; Third reports of the assessment panels, 1994; Review of control measures and financial mechanism for developing countries, 1995; Proposals for adjustments before working groups meetings, 1995; Seventh Meeting of the Parties, Vienna, 1995: Further strengthening of the control measures; Meetings in 1996: Illegal trade discussed, replenishment of the Fund by US$466 million in San Jose, Costa Rica; Tenth anniversary, Montreal, 1997: Control measures on methyl bromide tightened; Meetings in 1998: 1998 assessment confirms Protocol working, tenth Meeting of the Parties in Cairo discusses link between ozone depletion and climate change, non-compliance; Meetings in 1999: Beijing Amendment, freeze in production of HCFCs and trade restrictions, replenishment of the Fund by US$440 million; Twelfth Meeting of the Parties, Quagadougou, 2000: Further attempts to tighten controls on HCFCs; Meetings in 2001: Thirteenth Meeting of the Parties in Colombo, non-compliance, new ODS. 5. Technology and business policy: Introduction; Commercial history of ozone-depleting substances; Industry opposition and then support for regulation of ozone-depleting substances; Industry response to the Montreal Protocol: What a difference a treaty makes!; Industry and military motivations for leadership on ozone protection; Phasing out ozone-depleting substances from US military applications; Alternatives: Criteria and evolution after the Montreal Protocol; Technical strategies to reduce and eliminate ozone-depleting substances; Environmental perspective on substitutes and alternatives; Economics of phasing out ozone-depleting substance. 6. Implementation of the Montreal Protocol: Introduction; Structure of the obligations of the Montreal Protocol; The role and activities of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol; Multilateral Fund replenishment and contributions; Implementing agencies of the Multilateral Fund; The Global Environment Facility (GEF); The role of national governments; The role of government agencies as customers and market leaders; The role of industry and industry non-governmental organizations; Regulations force new technologies; Regional and bilateral cooperation; The role of conferences and workshops; The role of environmental NGOs; The role of professional membership organizations; The importance of awareness campaigns. 7. Compliance with the Montreal Protocol: Introduction; Reporting on compliance measures; The role of the Implementation Committee; Results of implementation, 1989-1999; Non-compliance by Parties with economies in transition; Compliance by developing countries operating under Article 5; The response of the Meetings of the Parties to non-compliance; Conclusion. 8. Media coverage of the ozone-layer issue: Introduction; Analysis of media coverage; Media coverage of seminal ozone-layer events; The Molina-Rowland Hypothesis, 1974-1975; US ban on CFC aerosol products, 1977-1978; The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole, 1985; Negotiating and signing the Montreal Protocol, 1987; London Conference on Saving the Ozone Layer, 1989; Second Meeting of the Parties, London 1990; Fourth Meeting of the Parties, Copenhagen, 1992; Ninth Meeting of the Parties, Montreal, 1997; Eleventh Meeting of the Parties, Beijing, 1999. 9. Environmental NGOs, the ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol: Introduction; NGOs as 'shapers of policy'; The role of environmental NGOs in the ozone campaign; Litigation and collaboration: Complementary approaches; Raising awareness and generating media coverage; Advocacy work on policy and alternative technologies; Working with industry and government; Boycotting ODS products and creating demand for ozone-friendly products; Monitoring implementation of the Montreal Protocol; Conclusion. 10. Conclusion: A perspective and a caution: The successes of the ozone regime; Why was the ozone regime successful?; Lessons from the development of the Montreal Protocol; Features of the Protocol promoting participation; Partnership led by science and technology; Why did industry cooperate: Regulation or availability of alternatives to ODSs?; Caution for the future....(more)" |