| schema:description | "内容記述: Foreword by Tim O'Riordan, Preface by Domingo Jimenez Beltran. 1. Introduction: Late lessons from early warnings: an approach to learning from history; What is the 'precautionary principle'?; An early use of the precautionary principle: London, 1854; Forestalling disasters: integrating science and public policy. 2. Fisheries: taking stock, Malcolm MacGarvin: Early warnings; 19th-century British fisheries; Californian sardine fishery, 1920s to 1942; Newfoundland cod; Precaution becomes explicit; The ecosystem approach; Late lessons. 3. Radiation: early warnings, late effects, Barrie Lambert: X-rays; Radioactivity and radioactive materials; Early moves towards control of exposure; The post-war watershed; justification, optimisation, limitation; Conclusions. 4. Benzene: a historical perspective on the American and European occupational setting, Peter F. Infante: Early warnings; Actions and inactions; Discussion; Conclusions and lessons for the future. 5. Asbestos: from 'magic' to malevolent mineral, David Gee & Morris Greenberg: Introduction; The first 'early warnings' of asbestosis and some responses; Early warnings on asbestos cancers; Early, devastating warnings about mesothelioma cancer; Actions and inactions by regulatory authorities and others; The costs and benefits of actions and inactions; What are the lessons of the asbestos story? 6. PCBs and the precautionary principle, Janna G. Koppe & Jane Keys; Introduction; Growing evidence of persistence, presence and toxicity; Action from industry and governments in the 1970s; Scientific understanding becomes more sophisticated; Government action in the 1980s and 1990s; Routes of environmental exposure; The most recent PCB accident; Conclusions. 7. Halocarbons, the ozone layer and the precautionary principle, Joe Farman: Overview; Early history; The 1930s: the CFC industry is born; The 1970s: the seeds of doubt; The Montreal Protocol and the ozone hole; Late lessons. 8. The DES story: long-term consequences of prenatal exposure, Dolores Ibarreta & Shanna H. Swan: Introduction; Optimistic beginnings; Tragic consequences; DES ineffective for prevention of miscarriage; Assessing the extent of the damage; Lessons from the DES story. 9. Antimicrobials as growth promoters: resistance to common sense, Lars-Erik Edqvist & Knud Borge Pedersen: Introduction; The first early warning; Subsequent action or inaction; Advantages and disadvantages of the use of growth promoters; Conclusions and lessons for the future. 10. Sulphur dioxide: from protection of human lungs to remote lake restoration, Arne Semb: Dead fish, dying forests; The 1985 CLRTAP Protocol and beyond; Late lessons. 11. MTBE in petrol as a substitute for lead, Martin Krayer von Krauss & Poul Harremoes: Introduction; Lead in petrol; The MTBE case; The benefits of MTBE; The impacts of MTBE; Responses; Present trends; Discussions in relation to the precautionary principle, Conclusions. 12. Early warnings of chemical contamination of the Great Lakes, Michael Gilbertson, The first significant early warnings, Date and nature of subsequent action or inaction; Consequences of institutional reponses; Costs and benefits; Conclusions and lessons for the future. 13. TBT antifoulants: a tale of ships, snails and imposex, David Santillo Paul Johnston & William J. Langston: Introduction; The emergence of the TBT problem; Arcachon Bay; UK harbours and coastal waters; A global pollutant; Effectiveness of controls on small vessels; The significance of seagoing vessels; Progress towards a global phase-out; The question of alternatives; Late lessons from the TBT story; Conclusions: precaution or retrospective action? 14. Hormones as growth promoters: the precautionary principle or a political risk assessment?, Jim W. Bridges & Olga Bridges: Introduction; Impacts of oestrogenic compounds on wildlife; What were the uncertainties regarding the use of oestrogenic growth promoters for human health?; Has the approach adopted by the European Commission proved to be sound?; Conclusions. 15. 'Mad cow disease' 1980s-2000: how reassurances undermined precaution, Patrick van Zwanenberg & Erik Millstone: Introduction; A new cattle disease; initial decisions; Expert advice and regulatory controls; Constructing a house of cards; The failures and eventual collapse of the policy edifice; Conclusions. 16. Twelve late lessons: Introduction; Twelve late lessons; The wider implications of precaution. 17. Conclusions: Late lessons from early warnings....(more)" |