| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: Part I. Theory and Fundamentals: 1. Introduction to Environmental and Natural Resources Economics: Introduction; Fundamental Concepts; Some Reasons for Optimism and Some Reasons for Concern: Reasons for Optimism; Reasons for Concern; Overview; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links References and Further Reading. 2. Value Systems and Economic Systems: Introduction; Fundamentals of Ethical Systems: Deontological Ethics; Teleological Ethics; A Closer Look at Utilitarianism; Self-Interest, the Common Good, and Social Order; Private Property; Locke and Liberal Society; Rousseau and the Civil Society; On Positive and Normative Economics; Economic Questions That All Societies Must Answer; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 3. The Economics of Market Allocation: Introduction; Market Capitalism: Overview and Definition: Overview; Definition; The Efficiency of Competitive Markets: Efficiency; Market Failure: Monopoly, Cartels, and Market Power; Externalities; Common-Pool Resources and Public Goods: Collectively Produced and/or Consumed Goods; Imperfect information; Fairness Equity, and Distributive Justice; Perspectives on Market Failures and Government Intervention; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 4. Externalities, Market Failures, and Policy Interventions: Introduction; Positive Externalities; Negative Externalities: Property Rights and Negative Externalities; Private Costs and the Supply Curve in Competitive Markets; Social Cost at the Sum of Private and External Cost; Competitive Markets Are Inefficient When There Are Externalities; Pigouvian Taxes: Internalizing Negative Externalities; Summary; Review Questions dn Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading; Appendix: A Calculus-Based Derivation of Supply Curves. 5. The Economics of Natural Resource Systems: Introduction and Overview; Allocating Nonrenewable Resources: The Industrial Organization of Energy Delivery in the United States; The Theory of Dynamically Efficient Nonrenewable Resource Pricing: Present Discounted Value; Dynamic Efficiency; Allocating Recyclable Resources; Allocating Renewable Resources; Renewable Resources Case Study: The Economics of Marine Capture Fisheries: Marine Fisheries Management; Individual Quotas and Other Alternative Management Regimes for Marine Capture Fisheries; Aquaculture; Allocating Common-Pool Resources; Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital; Resources for the Future: Factors Affecting Future Resource Scarcity; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading; Appendix: The Theory Underlying the Tragedy of the Commons. Part II. Policy: 6. Measurement and Analysis of Benefits and Costs: Introduction: Benefit/Cost Analysis: Efficiency; Maximizing Net Present Discounted Value (PDV): Dynamic Efficiency Revisited; An Illustrative Example of Benefit/Cost Analysis; The Coase Theorem; Operationalizing Benefit/Cost Analysis in U.S. Environmental Policy; Measuring Benefits: Overview; Measuring the Health and Ecological Benefits of Regulation: Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and the Value of a Statistical Life; Categories of Nonmarketed Environmental Benefits: Use and Nonuse Values: Use Values; Nonuse Values; Measuring Nonmarketed Environmental Benefits: The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM); Examples of CVM Studies; The CVM Debate; Measuring Nonmarketed Environmental Benefits: The Travel Cost Method (TCM); Measuring Nonmarketed Environmental Benefits: Hedonic Regression Method (HRM); Measuring Costs: Direct Costs; Indirect Costs; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 7. The Political Economy of Environmental Regulation and Resource management: Introduction: What Is Political Economy?; Economic Models of Political Economy and the Regulatory Process: Introduction; The Political Market for Regulation; The Political Economy of Environmental Regulation: A Selective Survey; The Political Economy of Locally Self-Governed Common-Pool Resources; The Political Economy of International Environmental Accords: The Case of the Montreal Protocol: Theoretical Foundation; Case Study: The International Political Economy of CFC Control; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 8. Motivating Regulatory Compliance: Monitoring, Enforcement, and Sanctions: Introduction; The Economics of Crime: Criminal Penalties and Incarceration versus Fines and Monetary Damages; Market-Based Reputational Enforcement and Voluntary Overcompliance; Private Auditing; Incentive Enforcement Systems; EPA Enforcement: EPA Enforcement Tools; EPA Enforcement Trends; Selected Civil and Criminal Case Summaries from the Department of Justice; California Enforcement; Compliance; Citizen Suits; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 9. Incentive Regulation: Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection and Resource Management; Introduction; Marketable Pollution Allowances; An Illustration of the Cost-Savings Potential from Marketable Pollution Allowances: Case 1: Traditional Uniform Performance Standard and No Marketable Allowances; Case 2: Fully Marketable Allowances; Case 3: Limited Allowance Trading; Advantages of Marketable Allowance Systems; Disadvantages of Marketable Allowance Systems; Marketable Pollution Allowances and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments of 1990: The Acid Rain Program; Regional Clean Air Incentive Market; Emissions Trading; Other Experiments with Marketable Allowances; Environmental Taxes: Environmental Taxes in the United States; Environmental Taxes Around the World; Simulation Research on the Effects of Taxing Carbon Dioxide Emissions; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 10. Global Climate Change: Uncertainty, Irreversibility, and Long-Term Policy-Making: Introduction; Predictions Regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Climate Change: Predictions Regarding Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Predictions Regarding Global Climate Change; The Evidence Regarding Global Climate Change; International Action on Global Climate Change: The Earth Summit; The Kyoto Protocol; Policy Studies: The Economics of Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions; The Developing World and Global Climate Change: The Role of Climate-Friendly Technology Transfer and the Clean Development Mechanism; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. Part III. Issues in the Economics of a More Sustainable Society: 11. Introduction to the Sustainability Perspective: Introduction; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 12. Recognizing Interdependencies and Thinking Long Term: Introduction; Recognizing Interdependencies: The Industrial Revolution and the Agrarian Transition; Income, Poverty, and Economic Growth; Education, Empowerment, and Justice; International Trade: The Argument for International Trade; The Argument Against International Trade; Population and Population Growth: Causes and Predicted Implications of Rapid Population Growth; Taxes and Incentives; Thinking Long Term: Discounting and Policy-Making: The Effect of Discount Rates on Environmentally Friendly Investments and Sustainability: An Illustrative Example; The Opportunity Cost of Capital and the Social Rate of Time Preference: The Opportunity Cost of Capital; The Social Rate of Time Preference; Are the Discount Rates Associated with Competitive Financial Markets Consistent with Those Required for Sustainability?; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 13. Sustainable Economic Development: Introduction; Conventional Economic Development Strategies: Conventional Economic Development Assistance Programs; Envisioning Sustainable Development: Brundtland Commission Report and the Earth Summit; Competing Theories of Sustainable Development: Weak-Form Sustainability; Strong-Form Sustainability; Practical Policy Implications; Methods for Measuring Sustainable Development: Indicators of Weak-Forum Sustainability; Indicators of Strong-Form Sustainability; Case Studies in Measuring Sustainable Economic Development: Scotland; United States Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 14. Issues in Sustainable Production and Consumption: Introduction; Issues in Sustainable Production and Consumption Technology: Solar Energy; Industrial Ecology; Environmentally Friendly Technologies Ready to Be Deployed; Case Studies in Sustainable Technologies: Low-Emission Vehicles; Solar Cookers; Policies Promoting Sustainable Production and Consumption: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR); Ecolabels: Factors Relating to the Success of Ecolabel Programs; Three Examples of Ecolabeled Goods; Taxes, Subsidies, and Ecological Tax Reform: Case Study: The California Experience in Subsidizing Alternative Energy; Government Research and Development Funding; ISO 14000 International Environmental Certification; Case Study: The Global Race for Environmentally Friendly Technology; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading. 15. Issues in the Economics of Sustainable Local Communities; Introduction; Sustainable Local Self-Governance of Localized CPR Systems; Examples of Sustainable Local Communities and the Systems They Use for Governing CPRs: Torbel, Switzerland; Japanese Village Commons; Spanish Irrigation Commons; Localized Self-Governance of Fisheries; Fodder and Fuelwood Use in Panchayat Community Forests; Ostrom's Design Principles Associated with Sustainable Local Self-Governance of Common-Pool Resources; Retrospective on CPRs and Local Self-Governance; The Economics of Sustainable Community Development: Export Base versus Import Substitution: The Export-Base Theory of Local Economic Development; The Import-Substitution Theory of Local Economic Development; Case Studies: Attempts at Moving Toward Sustainable Local Community Development: Willape Bay; Arcata; The Cogtong Bay Mangrove Management Project; Sustainable Local Economic Development in South Africa; Moving Toward Sustainable Urban Planning in Curitiba, Brazil; Summary; Review Questions and Problems; Internet Links; References and Further Reading....(more)" |