| schema:description 3 | "内容記述: PART I: ECONOMIC VALUATION, WARMGLOW AND PREFERENCE MODELLING:: 1. Values, Valuation Methods and Contingent Valuation: An Overview: 1.1. Introduction; 1.2. The concept of total economic value; 1.3. Monetary valuation methods; 1.4. The contingent valuation methodology: 1.4.1. Some historical benchmarks in the CV research path: 1.4.1.1. Reagan Executive Order and the re-interpretation of CERCLA; 1.4.1.2. The Exxon Valdez report; 1.4.1.3. The NOAA Panel; 1.5. CV theoretical underpinning; 1.5.1. The basic model; 1.5.2. Measures of welfare change: 1.5.2.1. Consumer's surplus; 1.5.2.2. Hicksian compensating and Hicksian equivalent measure: The Hicksian compensating measure; The Hicksian equivalent; 1.5.2.3. A comparison of the three measures; 1.5.3. Operationalization of the welfare change derived from the CV responses: an overview of the statistical model specifications; 1.5.3.1. Bishop and Heberlein's approach; 1.5.3.2. Michael Hanemenn's approach; 1.5.3.3. Trudy Cameron's approach; 1.6. Conclusions. 2. Evaluating CV Measurement Validity: Separating the Light from the Heat: 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. CV survey instrument and potential measurement bias: 2.2.1. Information: 2.2.1.1. Description of the environmental change with the proposed policy; 2.2.1.2. Description of the contingent market; 2.2.1.3. Survey elicitation question: Bidding game; Open-ended; Payment card; Dichotomous choice with one follow-up; 2.2.2. Strategic behaviour in the WTP responses: 2.2.2.1. Strategic behaviour vs. the choice of the question elicitation format; 2.2.2.2. Strategic behaviour and the choice of the payment vehicle; 2.2.2.3. Strategic behaviour and the level of information in the survey; 2.2.3. Hypothetical bias; 2.2.4. Other potential bias; 2.3. Hausman critique: valuation embedding phenomenon: 2.3.1. Scope effect; 2.3.2. Sequence effect; 2.3.3. Sub-additivity effect; 2.4. The Kahneman and Knetsch theory for CV embedding: the purchase of 'moral satisfaction'; 2.5. Conclusions. 3. Modelling Consumer Preferences: 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. The multiattribute model formulation: 3.2.1. The introduction of consumer motivation functions; 3.2.2. Integration of concepts: the valuation model; 3.3. Modelling individual consumer strategic behaviour: 3.3.1. A simple representation of voluntary contribution behaviour; 3.3.2. A simple representation of referendum tax behaviour; 3.4. Exploring the properties of the voluntary contributions: 3.4.1. Some comparative static results: the general approach: 3.4.1.1. A change in M; 3.4.1.2. A change in the ρcoefficient; 3.4.1.3. A change in the τcoefficient; 3.4.1.4. A change in the θcoefficient; 3.4.1.5. A change in the q coefficient; 3.4.2. Comparative static results: a bridge with the empirical results: 3.5. Conclusions. PART II: SURVEY DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: 4. Preliminary Design Research: 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. Scenario formulation: 4.2.1 Description of the protection scenarios: research goals; 4.2.2. The Alentejo Natural Park: wilderness areas, recreational areas, and tourism development; 4.3. Key design issues: 4.3.1. Welfare measure; 4.3.2. Elicitation questions format; 4.3.3. Design of the bid vector; 4.3.4. Payment vehicle; 4.3.5. Market conditions and agents involved; 4.4. Preliminary survey design research: 4.4.1. Focus groups: First session; Second session; 4.4.2. Formal field testing: Pilot I - Lisbon's metropolitan area; Pilot II - Rural parish of Pousos, Leiria; Pilot III - Parish of Ajuda, Lisbon; 4.5. Conclusions. 5. Structure of the Final Survey Instrument: 5.1. Introduction; 5.2. Section A: 5.2.1. General issues; 5.2.2. Environmental issues; 5.2.3. Natural Protected Areas issues; 5.3. Section B: 5.3.1. Alentejo Natural Area; 5.3.2. Protection scenario; 5.3.3. Tourism development scenarios; 5.4. Section C: 5.4.1. Information level; 5.4.2. Payment vehicle; 5.4.3. Valuation questions; 5.4.4. Debriefing of the 'no-no' WTP responses; 5.5. Section D: 5.5.1. Motivation factors; 5.5.2. Socio-economic questions; 5.6. Section E: follow-up questions; 5.7. Conclusions. 6. Survey Execution: 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. The sampling design; 6.3. Interviewer training; 6.4. Field supervision and data validation; 6.5. Conclusions. PART III: ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY RESULTS: 7. Descriptive analysis of the Survey Responses: 7.1. Introduction; 7.2. Option with respect to governmental policy action and nature conservation issues; 7.3. WTP responses; 7.4. Demographic and socio-economic responses; 7.5. Interview assessment Reponses; 7.6. Conclusions. 8. Non-parametric Testing Procedures of the Stated WTP Responses: 8.1. Introduction; 8.2. The survey format; 8.3. Stated WTP responses testing procedures: 8.3.1. 'No-no' responses; 8.3.2. Testing for the presence of valuation 'anchoring': Single Abounded responses model; Double bounded responses model; 8.3.3. Testing for the presence of free riding: Single bounded response model; Double bounded responses Model. 9. A Univariate Estimation of the States WTP Responses: 9.1. Information; 9.2. The model; 9.3. Estimated WTP; 9.4. Sensitivity analysis of the WTP estimates; 9.5. Conclusions. 10. Operationalization of Consumer Motivation: 10.1. Introduction; 10.2. Factor analysis; 10.3. Empirical results; 10.4. Initial extraction of actors; 10.3.2. confirmatory factor analysis; 10.3.3. Estimation of the consumer motivation factor scores; 10.4. Conclusions. 11. The Valuation Function: 11.1. Introduction; 11.2. Empirical model specification; 11.3. Estimation oft he valuation function; 11.3.1. Interpretation of the estimation results: Motivation factor scores; Residential area; Age; Occupation; Education; Payment vehicle; Net income; Household dimension and protests; 11.4. Sensitivity analysis of the stated WTP responses with respect to the motivation factor scores; 11.4.1. Wilderness Areas protection programme; 11.4.2. Recreational Areas protection programmed; 11..4.3. Wilderness and Recreational Area protection programme; 11.5. The warmglow valuation transmission effect: 11.5.1. Predicting individual WTP responses; 11.5.3. Analysis of the dry WTP re-visiting the adding-up property; 11.6. What odes the empirical evidence say about the Structure of preferences?: 11.6.1. Do VC responses reflect the preference?; 11.6.2. Should we not correct the original estimates and use the dry WTP measures in cost-benefit analysis?; 11.7. Conclusions. 12. Conclusions. PART. IV: APPENDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY...(more)" |