| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: 1. Migration and Spatial Behaviour: 1.1. Introduction; 1.2. Fish migration - from phenomenology to functional biology: 1.2.1. Environment-related criteria and definitions; 1.2.2. Diadromy and types of diadromous migrations; 1.2.3. Superimposed migratory patterns: added complexity or just simple adaptive responses?; 1.2.4. From adaptation to the migration continuum concept: do scale and salinity matter when defining migration?; 1.2.5. From the restricted movement paradigm towards a general definition of migration. 2. The Stimulus and Capacity for Migration: 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. Stimuli for migration: 2.2.1. Internal factors; 2.2.2. External factors; 2.3. The capacity for migration: 2.3.1. Overview of muscle structure and function; 2.3.2. Swimming performance: how fast can a fish swim?; 2.3.3. Relationships between swimming speed and endurance; 2.3.4. A metabolic approach to swimming costs; 2.3.5. How far can a fish migrate?; 2.3.6. Constraints on early and late migrants; 2.3.7. Implications of migration costs on size at first sexual maturity: when time matters; 2.3.8. A tentative synthesis and conclusion; 2.4. Piloting, orientation and navigation: 2.4.1. Landmarks and surface topography; 2.4.2. Celestial cues; 2.4.3. Currents; 2.4.4. Electric and magnetic fields; 2.4.5. Olfaction and gustation; 2.4.6. Other cues; 2.4.7. Homing, memory and imprinting. 3. Types of Migration: 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Migrations at the seasonal and ontogenetic scale: 3.2.1. Feeding migrations; 3.2.2. Refuge-seeking migrations; 3.2.3. Spewing migrations; 3.2.4. Post-displacement movements, decolonisation and exploratory migration; 3.3. Diel horizontal and vertical migrations; 4. Effects of Climate on Patterns of Migratory Behaviour: 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. Arctic and subarctic regions; 4.3. Temperate regions; 4.4. Tropical regions: 4.4.1. Introduction; 4.4.2. Setting the scene: what makes tropical freshwater systems similar or different to those of temperate areas?; 4.4.3. Influences of predation pressure on fish migrations; 4.4.4. Influence of dissolved oxygen on fish migrations; 4.4.5. Other environmental factors shaping habitat use and seasonal migrations; 4.4.6. Life history, breeding systems and migration patterns of tropical fish; 4.4.7. Conclusion. 5. Taxonomic Analysis of Migration in Freshwater Fishes: 5.1. Introduction; 5.2. Lampreys (Petromyzontidae); 5.3. Sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii); 5.4. Sturgeons (Acipenseridae); 5.5. Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae); 5.6. Gars (Lepisosteidae) and bowfins (Amiidae); 5.7. Bonytongues, mooneyes, featherfin knifefishes, elephant fishes (Osteoglossiformes); 5.8. Tenpounders and tarpons (Elopiformes); 5.9. Freshwater eels (Anguillidae); 5.10. Anchovies, shads, herrings, and menhaden (Clupeiformes); 5.11. Milkfish (Chanidae); 5.12. Carps and minnows (Cyprinidae); 5.13. Suckers (Catostomidae); 5.14. Loaches (Cobitidae) and river loaches (Balitoridae); 5.15. Characins (Characiformes); 5.16. Catfishes (Siluriformes); 5.17. Knifefishes (Gymnotiformes); 5.18. Pikes and mudminnows (Esociformes); 5.19. Smelts (Osmeridae); 5.20. Noodlefishes (Salangidae and Sundsalangidae); 5.21. Southern smelts and southern graylings (Retropinnidae); 5.22. Galaxiids, southern whitebaits and peladillos (Galaxiidae); 5.23. Salmons, trouts, chars, graylings and whitefishes (Salmonidae); 5.24. Trout-perches (Percopsidae) and pirate perch (Aphredoderidae); 5.25. Cods (Gadidae); 5.26. Mullets (Mugilidae); 5.27. Silversides and their relatives (Atheriniformes); 5.28. Needlefishes, half-beaks and medakas (Beloniformes); 5.29. Killifishes, livebearers, pupfishes and their relatives (Cyprinodontiformes); 5.30. Sticklebacks and their relatives (Gasterosteiformes); 5.31. Scorpionfishes (Scorpaenidae and Tetrarogidac); 5.32. Sculpins (Cottidae); 5.33. Snooks (Centropomidae); 5.34. Temperate basses (Moronidae); 5.35. Temperate perches (Percichthyidae); 5.36. Sunfishes (Centrarchidae); 5.37. Perches (Percidae); 5.38. Snappers (Lutjanidae); 5. 39. Drums (Sciaenidae); 5.40. Tigerperches (Terapontidae); 5.41. Aholeholes (Kuhliidae); 5.42. Cichlids (Cichlidae); 5.43. Southern rock cods (Bovichthyidae) and sandperches (Pinguipedidae); 5.44. Fresh and brackish water dwelling gobioid fishes (Eleotridae, Rhyacichthyidae, Odontobutidae and Gobiidae); 5.45. Fresh and brackish water dwelling flatfishes (Pleuronectidae, Soleidae, Achiridae, Paralichthyidae and Cynoglossidae). 6. Methods for studying the Spatial Behaviour of Fish in Fresh wand Brackish Water: 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Capture-independent methods: 6.2.1. Visual observation; 6.2.2. Resistivity fish counters and detection of bioelectric outputs; 6.2.3. Hydroacoustics; 6.3. Capture dependent method: 6.3.1. Variations in density and catch per unit efforts; 6.3.2. Marks and tags; 6.3.3. Types of marks and tags; 6.3.4. Electronic tags - telemetry; 6.3.5. Passive electronic tags; 6.3.6. Signal propagation and detection of battery-powered transmitters; 6.3.7. Transmitter positioning; 6.3.8. Telemetry of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters; 6.3.9. Attachment methods; 6.3.10. Limitations of telemetry systems; 6.3.11. Archival tags; 6.4. Choice of methods in fish migration studies: 6.4.1. Functional delimitation of fisheries districts; 6.4.2. Lateral and longitudinal migrations of large catfishes in a South American assemblage; 6.4.3. Fidelity of fish to spawning grounds. 7. Applied Aspects of Freshwater Fish Migration: 7.1. A broad view of the impact of man's activities on freshwater fish migration; 7.2. Impact of man's activities on the diversity of fish assemblages in different geographic regions, focusing on damming: 7.2.1. Eurasia; 7.2.2. North America; 7.2.3. Australasia and Oceania; 7.2.4. Tropical South America, Africa and Asia; 7.3. Other impacts on fish migration resulting from man's activities: 7.3.1. Entrainment and impingement; 7.3.2. Hydropeaking, changes in temperature and oxygen; 7.3.3. Culverts and road crossings; 7.3.4. Changes in genetic diversity and life history; 7.4. Mitigation of hazards and obstacles to fish migration: 7.4.1. Fish passes; 7.4.2. Fish ladders; 7.4.3. Fish locks and elevators; 7.4.4. Shipping locks and elevators; 7.4.5. Nature-like fish passes; 7.4.6. Typical downstream passes: surface bypass systems; 7.4.7. Attracting and deterring fishes; 7.5. Installation, monitoring and efficiency of fish passes; 7.6. Conclusion. 8. Conclusion....(more)" |
| schema:description | "公開者: Oxford, London, & Edinburgh, UK.; Malden, MA, USA; Carlton, Victoria, Australia; & Paris, France." |