| schema:description 2 | "内容記述: Part1: Understanding Natural Processes and Modelling1. The Erosion of Coasts and the Atlas of the Italian Beaches2. Upwelling of the Sea over the Past 11.5 cal kyr2.1 Coastal Mobility2.2 Instrumental Data ( Satellite and Marigraph )2.3 Palaeoclimatic Data2.4 Curves from Coral Reefs2.5 Models2.6 The Universal Deluge2.7 Conclusions3. Meteorological Facors Influencing Slope Stability3.1 Introduction3.2 Methodology and Study Areas3.3 Correlation Between Meteo 0 Climatic Factors and Slope Stability3.3.1 Falls and Topples3.3.2 Slides3.3.3 Spreads3.3.4 Flows3.4 Conclusion4. Use of Radar Rainfall Estimates for Flood Simulation in Moutainous Basins4.1 Introduction4.2 Correction Procedures for Range - Dependent and Mean - Field Biases4.2.1 Range - Dependent Bias4.2.2 Mean - Field Bias4.3 Data and Case Studies4.4 Comparison of Basin - Average Rainfall Estimates Based on Radar and Rain Gauge Measurements4.5 Sensitivity of Rainfall - Runoff Transformation to Radar Rainfall Errors4.6 Conclusion5. Floodss: AFlood Operational Decision Support System5.1 The Flooding Problem5.2 The Need for a Flood Planning and Management DSS5.3 Aims and Structure of FLoodss5.4 Conclusion6. A Brief Overview of Hydrological Modellin6.1 Background6.1.1 What is a Hydrological Model?6.1.2 Areas of Application6.1.3 Hydrograph Analysis - Discharge,Stage6.1.4 Discharge Modellin6.1.5 Hydrodynamic Simulation6.2 Scale of Modelling6.3 Charateristics of Typical Applications of Hydrological Models6.3.1 Design6.3.2 Forecating6.3.3 Reconstruction of Historic Events6.3.4 Scenario Investigation6.4 Statistical Estimation6.4.1 Hydrological Statistics6.4.2 Extreme Value Distributions6.4.3 Fitting Distributions to Data6.4.4 Hydrographs6.4.5 Joint Probavility6.4.6 The Qdf Method6.4.7 Risk Assessment6.5 Rainfall - Runoff Modelling6.5.1 Unit - Hydrograph Models6.5.2 Process - Based Models6.6 Flow Routing6.7 Hydrodynamic Modelling 6.8 Modelling in Practice6.9 Areas of Difficulty and Future ResearchA.6 Appendix, Model Application ProcedureA.6.1 IntroductionA.6.2 Model DefinitionA.6.3 Model Construction - Topographic DataA.6.4 Model Construction Hydrometric DataA.6.5 Model ProvingA.6.6 Baseline SimulationsA.6.7 Assessment of Results7. Slope Instabilities and Restauration in the Historical Town of Orvieto7.1 A Brief History of Orvieto7.2 Geomorphological Aspects7.3 Failures7.4 The Works Necessary to Preserve the City of Orieto7.5 Restoration of the Slopes and the Ditches7.6 Consolidation of the Rock7.7 Restoration of the Walls and Tidying up of the Rockas edges7.8 Survey and Consolidation of the Cavities7.9 Instrumentation and Geodetical NetPart2: Hazard and Risk Assessment8. Heavy Rainfall hazards8.1 Introduction8.2 Concept and Methodologyof Heavy Rainfall Hazard8.2.1 The Maximal Annual Daily Rainfall8.2.2 Maximal Annual Rains from Rains above a Threshold8.3 Results: Return Periods and Trends 8.3.1 The Return Periond8.3.2 The Trend8.4 Do Extreme Data mean Extreme Processess ?8.5 ConclusionA.8. AppendixA.8.1 Second Method for Determining Heavy Rains ( Above a Threshold )9. Snow Avalanches9.1 Introduction9.2 Avalanche Formation9.2.1 Avalanche Topography9.2.2 Snow Pack9.2.3 Weather Conditions9.3 Runout Models9.3.1 Statistical alpha / beta -Model9.3.2 Voellmy Block Model9.3.3 PCM Block Model9.3.4 NIS Visco - Elastic Plastic Deformavle Body Model9.4 Legislation and Avalanche Hazard9.5 Avlanche Hazard Zoning; Hazard Zoning Principles9.5.1 Mapping Standard9.5.2 Types of Maps9.5.3 Zoning Procedure9.6 GIS as a Tool for Hazard Zoning9.7 Sustainable Development ?10. Land Use Planning in Hazard Mitigation: Intervening in Social and Systemic Vulnerabilities - An Application to Seismic Risk Prevention10.1 Introduction10.2 Land Use Planning : A Tool of Risk Prevention Strategies10.3 Measuring and Assessing Risk: The Hazard Analysis10.4 Measuring and Assessing Risk: The Vulnerability Factor10.5 The Case of Alaska10.6 Conclusion11. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping: Amethodological Approach Landslide Phenomena Landslide Prediction Landslide Hazard and Risk12. Application of an Integrated Method for Landslide Hazard Assessment in the Area of Corvara in Badia ( Dolomites, Italy )12.1 Introduction12.2 Geomorphological Analysis12.3 Slope Instability Analysis12.4 Landslide Susceptivbility Mapping12.5 Landslide Hazard Assessment12.6 Conclusion13. Tsunami Hazarrd in Southern Italy13.1 Introduction13.2 Tsunami Generation Mechanism13.3 Tsunami Impact on the Coasts13.4 Tunamis in Southern Italy13.4.1 Tsunami Catalogues13.4.2 A Statistical Approach to Tsunami Hazard13.4.3 Deterministic Approach to Tsunami hazard: Scenarios13.5 The 1627 Tsunami in Gargano13.6 The 1693 Tsunami in Eastern Sicily13.7 The 1908 Tsunami in the Messina Straits13.8 Conclusion14. Integrated Investigations on Landslides - The Example of the Super Sauze Earthflow14.1 Introduction14.2 Geological Conditions Favourable to Landsliding14.2.1 Geological and Geomorphological Features of the Baracelonnette Basin14.2.2 The Barcelonnette Basin land scape14.2.3 Landslides14.2.4 The Super Sauze landslide14.2.5 Triggering and Evolution14.3 Integrated Methods and Technics14.3.1 Terrestrial Topometry14.3.2 GPS Measurements14.3.3 Digital Photogrammetric Analysis14.3.4 Geophysical Investigations14.3.5 Geotechnical Investigation14.3.6 Hydrological and Hydrogeological Inbestigation14.4 Modelling and Hazard Assessment14.5 Conclusion15. Disease, Communication and Public Information15.1 Introduction15.2 Basic Definition15.2.1 The ' Crisis ' as a Social Element15.3 The Social System During Emergencies15.3.1 Before the Event15.3.2 The Initial Phases of the Emergency15.3.3 The Central Phase of teh Emergency: The Local Community and the Other Actors During the Crisis15.3.4 The Recovering Phase15.4 The Problem of Communication between Scientists and the Populations15.5 Ensuring a Role for Information in Disaster Management PlansPart3: Implementing Sustainable Development16. Natural Disasters and Sustainable Development: From Theory to Practice in Italy?16.1 Introduction16.2 Problem Identification and State of the Art16.2.1 Natural Disasters,Costs and Vivtims in Italy16.2.2 What Scenario is for the Future?16.2.3 The Legislative Situation16.2.4 Fund Flow16.3 Sustainability Objectives16.3.1 Reloated Conditions16.3.2 Objectives16.4 Action16.5 Aspects Relating to Employment16.6 Implemention and Control16.6.1 Development of Regulations and Legislatibe Tools for Managing Territorial Sagety16.6.2 Quality Control of Proposals and Projects and Coherence of Financial16.7 Conclusion17. A Risk Analysis and Sustainability Approach to Natural Disaster Assessment and Mitigation Philosophy in the World17.1 Introduction17.2 Societal Impacts of Violent Natural Disasters17.3 Economic Impacts of Violent Natural Disasters17.4 Why are Natural Disasters Important?17.5 Philosophy and Keys for Mitigation Strategies17.6 Structural and Non - Structural Mitigation Measures: A Rational Approach17.7 Towards a Tecnicals - Administrative Procedure for Population Disaster Risk Assessment17.8 Conclusion and Suggestions18. Activities of UNESCO for Natural Disaster Reduction18.1 Introduction18.2 Earthquake Hazards18.3 Volcanic Hazards18.4 Tsunamis18.5 Hydrometerological and Other Hazards18.6 Educational Buildings and Cultural Monuments18.7 Education and Information18.8 Post - Disaster Investigations18.9 Conclusion19. Reducing the Effect of Natural Hazards on Urban Areas19.1 Introduction19.1.1 Background19.1.2 Natural Hazard19.1.3 Effects of Natural Hazards19.2 Understanding the Risk 19.2.1 Monitoring and Data19.2.2 Exposure of Infrastructure19.2.3 Social Eliments19.3 Reducing the Risk19.3.1 Administrator's Role19.3.2 Increasing Awareness19.3.3 Action for Mitigation20. The Exposure of Anthropogenic Systems to Natural Hazards20.1 Introduction20.2 The Direct and Indirect Cost of an Earthquake20.3 Detailed Stocktaking 20.3.1 Procedures and Methodologies20.3.2 Earthquake Stocktaking20.3.3 Training20.3.4 Execution of the Stocktaking20.4 Recommendations and Requirements20.4.1 Managerial and Organisational Rquirements20.4.2 Maps and Data20.4.3 Local Experts20.4.4 Equipment20.4.5 Tentative Time Schedule20.5 Hydrological and Meterological Hazards20.5.1 Material and Information Required to Assess the Risk of Floods and Inundations20.6 Accumulation Problems20.7 Conclusion21. Amall - Scale Flooding and Muddy Floods as a Geomorphologic Hazard in Central Belgium: Some Finacial Consequences21.1 Introduction21.2 Study Area21.3 Small - Scale Flooding and Muddy Floods as a Geomorphologic and Anthropogenic Hazard21.3.1 A Conceptual Model21.3.2 The Nature of Small- Scale Flooding and Muddy Floods21.4 The Financial Costs of Small - Scale Flooding and Muddy Floods21.5 Retention Ponds and Sediment Yield Assessment21.6 FinancialCosts of Retention Ponds21.7 Conclusion22. GIS and Natural Hazards22.1 Introduction22.2 GIS Background22.2.1 GIS Technology and GIS Applications22.2.2 GIS Use in Risk and Hazard Studies22.2.3 Building a GISApplication For Risk Assessment Studies22.2.4 Different Possibilities Using GIS for Hazard Assessment22.3 Temporal GIS and System Updating...(more)" |