| schema:description | "内容記述: Chapter 1. Philosophy: Definitions; Philosophies of Wildlife Management; What Positive Values Are Provided by Wildlife?; What Is Wildlife Damage Management?; Why Worry about Human-Wildlife Conflicts?; Contributions of Wildlife Damage Management to the Larger Field of Wildlife Management; Alternative Definitions for Wildlife Damage Management: What Is in a Name?; What Are the Necessary Ingredients for Damage by Wildlife?; The Role of Government in Wildlife Management; The Role of Government Wildlife Biologist; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 2. History: Prehistoric Wildlife Management; Wildlife Damage Management in the Ancient World; Wildlife Damage Management in Medieval Europe; Wildlife Management in Colonial America from 1620 to 1776; Wildlife Management in the U.S. from 1776 to 1880; Why the Closing of the Frontier and the Industrial Revolution Sparked a New Philosophy of Wildlife Management; Consequences of the World Wars and the Great Depression on Wildlife Management; Wildlife Management in Modern America; Wildlife Management in the 21st Century: What Now?; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 3. Threats to Human Safety: Why Do Animals Attack People?: Predatory Attacks; Territorial Attacks; Defensive Attacks; How Often Are Humans Injured or Killed by Wildlife?; Snakebites; Bear Attacks; Shark Attacks; Alligator Attacks; Attacks by Wolves and Coyotes; Cougar Attacks; Attacks by Large Herbivores; Why Has There Been a Recent Increase in Wildlife Attacks on Humans in North America?; What Can Be Done to Reduce the Frequency of Wildlife Attacks on Humans?; Human Injuries and Fatalities from Ungulate-Automobile Collisions; Human Injuries and Fatalities from Bird-Aircraft Collisions; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 4. Zoonoses: Bacterial Diseases: Plague; Tularemia; Salmonellosis; Leptospirosis; Lyme Disease; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; Scrub Typhus; Murine Typhus; Psittacosis (Ornithosis); Viral Diseases: Encephalitis; Hantavirus; Rabies; Fungal Disease: Histoplasmosis; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 5. Economics: Economic Analyses of Wildlife Values; What Are the Sources of Economic Data about the Positive Values of Wildlife?: Money; Time Expended; Income-Producing Ability; Increase in Property Values; Willingness to Pay; Willingness to Do Without; Why Is It Important to Have Accurate Economic Data about Losses from Wildlife Damage?; Measuring Wildlife Damage by Making a Direct Assessment of Losses; Assessing the Extent of Wildlife Damage by Surveying People; Lost Opportunity Costs; Economic Assessment of Wildlife Damage in the U.S. and Worldwide: Deer-Automobile Collisions; Bird-Aircraft Collisions; Wildlife Damage to Households; Wildlife Damage to the Timber Industry; Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production; Total Economic Losses Due to Wildlife Damage in the U.S.; Do High Levels of Wildlife Damage Mean that Wildlife Populations Are too High?; Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production in Other Parts of the World: South America; Iceland; Great Britain; Southeast Asia; Africa; Australia; Literature Cited; Chapter 6. Environmental Damage and Exotic Species: What Is an Exotic Species?; Impacts of Exotic Species on the Native Biota; Hawaii; Galapagos Islands; Guam; Australia; North America; Resolving Environmental Problems Caused by Exotic Animals: Preventing Exotic Animals from Reaching Foreign Shores; Preventing Exotic Animals from Establishing a Free-Ranging Population?; Controlling Populations of Exotic Animals; Can We Predict when an Exotic Species Will Cause Environmental Damage?: Which Animals Are Likely to Invade?; When Is an Invasive Animal Likely to Establish a Free-Ranging Population?; When Is a Free-Ranging Exotic Population Likely to Cause Environmental Damage?; Which Sites Are Vulnerable to Exotic Species?; Developing an Integrated Programs to Stop the Spread of Exotics; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 7. Lethal Control: Intrinsic Growth Rates of Wildlife Populations; What Effect Does Lethal Control Have on a Wildlife Population's Birth and Mortality Rates?; What Effect Does Lethal Control Have on a Wildlife Population's Immigration Rate?; Is There a Correlation between Wildlife Population Levels and Wildlife Damage?; How Do Values Provided by Wildlife Change as Their Populations Increase?; Should Lethal Techniques Be Directed at Specific Individuals, Specific Subpopulations, or the Entire Population?; Are Lethal Methods Legal?; Are Lethal Methods Effective at Reducing Wildlife Damage?; Should Lethal Methods Be Used Ahead of Timed to Prevent Wildlife Damage or Only after Damage Has Begun?; Are Lethal Techniques Coast Effective?; Do Lethal Techniques Pose a Risk to Nontarget Species?; Are Lethal Techniques Humane and Socially Acceptable?; Common Methods Used in Lethal Control: Cage Traps; Leghold Traps; Killing Traps and Snares; Denning; Roost Sprays; Shooting; Toxicants; Diseases and Parasites; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 8. Fertility Control: Normal Reproductive Function; Mechanical and Surgical Techniques to Reduce Fertility; Reducing Fertility by Disrupting Endocrine Regulation; Immunocontraception; Administering Fertility Drugs to Animals; Controlling the Release of an Antifertility Drug to the Body; When Should We Use Contraception in Wildlife?: Influence of Mating Systems on Contraception; Influence of Population Dynamics on Contraception; Uses of Contraception in Wildlife: Canids; Felids; Elephants; Felids; Deer, Elk, and Mountain Goats; Equids; Rodents; Birds; Oiling, Addling, or Puncturing Eggs; Efforts in Australia to Resolve Human-Wildlife Conflicts Using Immunocontraceptives; What Are the Drawbacks to Wildlife Contraception?; Public Perceptions of Wildlife Fertility Control; Laws Governing the Use of Fertility Control to Manage Wildlife; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 9. Wildlife Translocation: Examples of the Use of Translocation to Resolve Wildlife Conflicts; Do Translocated Animals Return to the Site where They War Captured?; Do New Animals Replace the Translocated Ones So That the Problem Persists?; Do Translocated Animals Create the Same Problem Elsewhere?; What Happens to Translocated Animals?; What Are the Consequences of Translocation on Resident Wildlife Populations?: Competitive Interactions; Disease and Parasite Transmission; Reproduction and Population Genetics; Is Translocation Cost-Effective?; What Are Governmental Policies Concerning the Translocation of Nuisance Animals?; When Is Translocation Warranted?; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 10. Fear-Provoking Stimuli: Visual Stimuli; Auditory Stimuli: Exploders and Bangers; Novel Sounds; Distress Calls and Alarm Calls; Olfactory Stimuli; Chemical Stimuli; The Problem of Habituation; Can Habituation to Fear-Provoking Stimuli Be Delayed?; Using Live Predators as Fear-Provoking Stimuli; Using Guard Dogs as Fear-Provoking Stimuli; Hazing or Harassment; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 11. Chemical Repellents: How Plants Use Chemicals to Defend Themselves from Herbivores; Biological Basis of Food Preferences: Role of Olfaction in Shaping Food Preferences; Role of Taste in Shaping Food Preferences; Role of Tactile Stimuli in Shaping Food Preferences; Role of Irritants in Shaping Food Preferences; Role of Post-Ingestion Feedback in Shaping Food Preferences; Role of Early-Life Experiences in Shaping Food Preferences; Types of Repellents: Area Repellents; Contact Repellents; Systemic Repellents; Conditioned Food Aversions Based on Deception; Similarities between Batesian Mimicry and DBFA: Precision of Mimicry; Costs to Benefits Ratio; Factors Influencing Repellent Effectiveness to Reduce Wildlife Damage: Weather; Repellent Concentration; Duration of the Problem; Availability of Alternate Food Supplies; Relative Plant Palatability; Laws Governing the Use of Vertebrate Repellents; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 12. Diversion: Optimal Foraging Theory; Large Group Formation as an Antipredator Behavior -- A Natural Form of Diversion; Examples of Diversion to Resolve Human-Wildlife Conflicts; Creating a Food Diversion through Habitat Modification; Response of Wildlife to Supplemental Food; Response of Wildlife to Diversion; Cost Effectiveness; What Type of Food or Crop Should Be Used in Diversion?; Where Should a Feeder Station or Diversion Crop Be Located?; Can Wildlife Damage and the Effectiveness of Diversion Be Predicted?; Which Are Better, Diversionary Crops or Feeder Stations?; Can Diversion Be Used with Other Techniques?; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 13. Exclusion: Factors Influencing the Cost Effectiveness of Fencing to Reduce Wildlife Damage: Cost of Fence Construction; Area to Be Fenced; Crop Value; Fences to Exclude Deer: Woven-Wire Fencing; Electric Fencing; Using Fences to Reduce Predation on Livestock; Using Exclusion to Reduce Predation on Nesting Birds: Fences to Protect Individual Nests; Fences to Protect Habitat Patches; Using Nesting Structures to Isolate Nesting Birds from Predators; Building Islands to Isolate Nesting Birds from Predators; Using Barriers to Protect Individual Trees from Herbivores: Tree Guards to Reduce Deer Browsing on Tree Shoots; Wraps and Shields to Protect Tree Trunks from Being Girdled; Exclusionary Devices to Prevent Beaver from Rebuilding Dams; Using a Trap-Barrier System to Reduce Rat Damage in Rice Fields; Using Exclusion to Solve Bird Damage; Excluding Wildlife from Buildings; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 14. Habitat Manipulation: Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Modifying the Resource: Growing Unpalatable Plant Species to Reduce Wildlife Damage; Growing Cultivars or Varieties Less Susceptible to Wildlife Damage: Grain Sorghum; Corn; Sunflowers; Silvicultural Techniques to Reduce Wildlife Damage to Timber Production; Changing Husbandry Practices to Reduce Predation on Livestock; Agronomical Techniques to Reduce Agricultural Losses Due to Wildlife Damage; Reducing Wildlife Damage by Changing Planting and Harvesting Schedules; Reducing the Vulnerability of Buildings to Bird Problems; Making Buildings More Rodent-Proof; Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Modifying the Habitat around the Resource: Habitat Modification to Minimize Wildlife Damage to Timber Production; Habitat Modification to Minimize Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production; Manipulating Habitat to Increase an Animal's Fear of a Site; Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts at the Landscape Level: Avoiding Damage by Clustering Vulnerable Resources Together; Avoiding Damage by Increasing Field Size; Reducing Damage by Managing Distant Bird Roosts; Reducing Damage by Managing Distant Refugia; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 15. Human Dimension: Societal Responses to Wildlife Damage; Differences in Attitudes toward Wildlife: Negativistic and Neutralistic Attitudes; Humanistic Attitude; Moralistic Attitude; Utilitarian Attitude; Aesthetic Attitude; Naturalistic Attitude; Stakeholder Perceptions of Wildlife Damage: Farmers, Ranchers, and Private Landowners; Hunters and Fur Trappers; Wildlife Enthusiasts; Animal Welfare Activists; Animal Rights Activists; Metropolitan Residents; Rural Residents; Impact of Wildlife Damage on a Person's Attitudes toward Wildlife; The Concept of Cultural Carrying Capacity; Why Is the Management of Human-Wildlife Conflicts So Controversial?; Making Policy Decisions Regarding Wildlife Damage Management; Forming Partnerships between Wildlife Agencies and People Suffering from Wildlife Damage; Resolving Human-Wildlife Conflicts through the Human Dimension: Alleviating Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Changing Human Behavior; Alleviating Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Increasing the Injured Person's Appreciation for Wildlife; Increasing Tolerance for Human-Wildlife Conflicts through Education; Increasing Tolerance for Human-Wildlife Conflicts throught Compensation; Are People's Perceptions about Wildlife Damage Accurate?; Summary; Literature Cited; Chapter 16. Developing an Integrated Approach: Reducing Blackbird Damage to Sunflowers: Lethal Control; Fear-Provoking Stimuli; Chemical Repellents; Diversion; Habitat Modification; Human Dimensions; Developing an Integrated Approach; Reducing Bird Predation at Fish Farms: Lethal Control; Fear-Provoking Stimuli; Diversion; Exclusion; Habitat Modification; Human Dimensions; Developing an Integrated Approach; Protecting Ground-Nesting Birds from Mammalian Predators: Lethal Control; Fertility Control; Exclosures; Repellents; Diversion; Habitat Modification; Human Dimensions; Developing an Integrated Approach; Summary; Literature Cited....(more)" |