| schema:description | "内容記述: 1. Ancient Collections and Menageries, Vernon, N. Kisling, Jr.: 1.1. Introduction; 1.2. Keeping Wild Animals: 1.2.1. Environmental Knowledge; 1.2.2. Domestication of Wild Animals; 1.2.3. Beyond Domestication - Collecting Wild Animals: 1.3. Ancient Collections: 1.3.1. Mesopotamian Collections; 1.3.2. Ancient Egyptian Collections; 1.3.3. Ancient Asian Collections - India and China; 1.3.4. Green and Roman Collections; 1.3.5. Persian and Arab Collections; 1.3.6. Medieval Collections; 1.3.7. Aztec and Inca Collections; 1.4. Menageries: 1.4.1. European Menageries; 1.4.2. Colonial Menageries; 1.4.3. Evolution of the Zoo and Aquarium; References: Additional Sources; 2. Zoological Gardens of Great Britain, Clinton H. Keeling: 2.1. Introduction; 2.2. The Tower Menagerie; 2.3. Estate Collections and the Windsor Great Park; 2.4. The Exeter 'Change; 2.5. Three Nineteenth-Century Private Collections; 2.6. Zoological Gardens at Surrey and Liverpool; 2.7. Manchester Zoological Gardens and the Belle Vue Zoo; 2.8. Zoological Gardens at Edinburgh, Bristol, Hull, and Preston; 2.9. Zoological Gardens at Paignton, Chester, and Dudley; 2.10. London Zoological Garden; 2.11. Zoological Gardens at Whipsnade and Jersey; References; 3. Zoological Gardens of Western Europe, Harro Strehlow: 3.1. Introduction; 3.2. Post-Medieval Collections to Modern Zoos: 3.2.1. Game Parks, Falconries, and Pheasantries; 3.2.2. Deer Moats, Bear Pits, and Lion Cages; 3.2.3. Menageries; 3.2.4. Transition form Menagerie to Modern Zoo - Sch?nbrunn and Berlin; 3.2.5. Transition from Menagerie to Modern Zoo - Jardin des Plantes; 3.3. Early Modern Zoos: 3.3.1. The Exotic Style and the Systematic Zoo; 3.3.2. The Hagenbeck Revolution; 3.4. Modern Zoos: 3.4.1. Zoos of the Early Twentieth Century; 3.4.2. Zoos of the Late Twentieth Century; References: Additional Sources; 4. Zoological Gardens of Central-Eastern Europe and Russia, Leszek Solski: 4.1. Introduction; 4.2. Poland: 4.2.1. Wild Animal Keeping in Poland through the Nineteenth Century; 4.2.2. Origin of Modern Polish Zoos to 1939; 4.2.3. Polish Zoos during and after World War II; 4.2.4. General Characteristics and Comments on Polish Zoos; 4.3. Russia: 4.3.1. Wild Animal keeping in Russia through the Nineteenth Century; 4.3.2. Origin of Modern Zoos in Russia to 1917; 4.4. Soviet Union: 4.4.1. Soviet Zoos - Political and Economic Realities; 4.4.2. Russian Zoos in the Soviet Union; 4.4.3. Other Zoos in the Soviet Union; 4.4.4. General Characteristics and Comments on Soviet Zoos; 4.5. Czech and Slovak Republics; 4.6. Hungary; 4.7. Bulgaria; 4.8. General Comments on Central-Eastern European Zoos; References: Additional Source; 5. Zoological Gardens of the Untied States, Vernon N Kisling, Jr.: 5.1. Introduction; 5.2. Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Menageries; 5.3. Nineteenth-Century Zoos and Aquariums; 5.4. Twentieth-Century Zoos and Aquariums; 5.5. Summary; References: Additional Sources; 6. Zoological Gardens of Australia, Catherine de Courcy: 6.1. Introduction; 6.2. Foundation and Development, 1857 to 1920: 6.2.1. Origins; 6.2.2. Enclosure Design; 6.2.3. The Animal Collections; 6.2.4. Early Development of the Four Objectives; 6.2.5. Visitors; 6.3. Survival, 1920-1960: 6.3.1. Enclosure Design and the Animal Collection; 6.3.2. Hallstrom and Taronga Zoo; 6.3.3. Survival of the Four Objectives; 6.4. Modernization, 1960 to the Present: 6.4.1. Modernization of the Four Objectives; 6.4.2. Visitors; References; 7. Zoological Gardens of Asia, Sally Walker: 7.1. Introduction; 7.2. Southwest Asia: 7.2.1 Afghanistan; 7.2. Cyprus; 7.2.3. Iran; 7.2.4. Iraq; 7.2.5. Israel; 7.2.6. Jordan; 7.2.7. Kuwait; 7.2.8. Oman; 7.2.9. Saudi Arabia; 7.2.10. Turkey; 7.2.11. United Arab Emirates; 7.2.12. Yemen; 7.3. South Asia: 7.3.1. Bangladesh; 7.3.2. Bhutan; 7.3.3. Nepal; 7.3.4. Pakistan; 7.3.5. Sri Lanka; 7.4. Southeast Asia: 7.4.1 Brunei; 7.4.2. Cambodia; 7.4.3. Laos; 7.4.4. Malaysia; 7.4.5. Myanmar; 7.4.6. Philippines; 7.4.7. Singapore; 7.4.8. Thailand; 7.4.9. Vietnam; 7.5. Indonesia: 7.5.1. Java; 7.5.2. Sumatra; 7.6. East Asia: 7.6.1. Hong Kong; 7.6.2. Korea; 7.6.3. Macau; 7.6.4. Taiwan; 7.6.5. China; References: Additional Sources; 8. Zoological Gardens of India, Sally Walker: 8.1. Introduction; 8.2. Ancients and Invaders - Vedics, Guptas, Moguls, Europeans: 8.2.1. The Vedic Period - Spiritual and Mysterical Values; 8.2.2. The Gupta and Mogul Period; 8.2.3. The European Period - Utilitarian or Mechanistic Values; 8.3. Nineteenth-Century Indian Zoos: 8.3.1. Calcutta's Wild Animal Collections - Four Early Ones; 8.3.2. One Madras State Zoos; 8.3.3. Kerala Trivandrum (Old Travancore State) and Trichur Zoos; 8.3.4. Sakkarbaug Zoo and the Gir Lions; 8.3.5. Maharastra State and the Bombay Zoo; 8.3.6. Princely Zoos; 8.3.7. Old Mysore's Zoos; 8.3.8. Early Collections Not Normally Mentioned; 8.4. Twentieth-Century Indian Zoos: 8.4.1. Modern Zoos and the National Zoological Park; 8.4.2. Indian Crocodile Project and Specialist Zoos; 8.5. Indian Zoos and Wildlife: 8.5.1. Indian Board for Wildlife and Wildlife Protection Act; 8.5.2. Management of Zoos in India; 8.5.3. The Future of Indian Zoos; References; 9. Zoological Gardens of Japan, Ken Kawata: 9.1. Introduction; 9.2. Historical Overview: 9.2.1. Pre-Restoration Era; 9.2.2. The Emergence of Modern Zoos; 9.2.3. World War II and Beyond; 9.3. Institutional Overview: 9.3.1. The Setting; 8.3.2. Zoos; 9.3.3. Aquariums; 9.3.4. Traveling Menageries and Safari Parks; 9.3.5. Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens dn Aquariums; 9.4. Administrative Overview: .9.4.1. Governing Authorities; 9.4.2. Marketing and Events; 9.4.3. Philanthropy; 9.4.4. Animals as Commodities; 9.5. Animal Collections: 9.5.1. Marveling at Giraffe; 9.5.2. Animal News Makers; 9.5.3. Exhibits; 9.5.4. Breeding Programs; 9.5.5. Research Activities; 9.6. Internationalization and Cultural Uniqueness: 9.6.1. The Sakoku Factor; 9.6.2. Environmental Awareness; 9.6.3. Penchant for Group Acceptance; 9.6.4. Uncharted Waters; References: Additional Sources; 10. Zoological Gardens of Africa, Wilhelmus Labuschagne and Sally Walker: 10.1. Introduction; 10.2. Arab Republic of Egypt; 10.2.1. Giza Zoological Gardens; 10.2.2. Other Egyptian and Sudanese Territory Zoos; 10.3. Sub-Saharan Africa: 10.3.1. Kenya; 10.3.2. Republic of South Africa; 10.3.3. Other African Nations; 10.4. African Region: 10.4.1. Malagasy Republic (Madagascar); 10.4.2. Mauritius; References: Additional Sources; 11. Zoological Gardens of South America, James F. Ellis, Jr. and Georgeann A. Ellis: 11.1. Introduction; 11.2. Brazilian Zoos: 11.2.1. The North (Norte); 11.2.2. The Northeast (Nordeste); 11.2.3. The Center-West (Centro-Oeste); 11.2.4. The Southeast (Sudeste); 11.2.5. The South (Sul); 11.2.6. Summary; 11.3. Parque Zoobot?nico Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi; 11.4. South American Zoos in Other Countries: 11.4.1. Argentina; 11.4.2. Bolivia; 11.4.3. Colombia; 11.4..4 Venezuela; 11.4.5. Summary; References: Additional Sources; Appendix: Zoos and Aquariums of the World: Zoological Gardens of Great Britain; Zoological Gardens of Western Europe: Austria; Belgium; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Italy; The Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Zoological Gardens of Eastern Europe: Bulgaria; Czech and Slovak Republics; Hungary; Poland; Russia dn Former Soviet Union; Zoological Gardens of the United States; Zoological Gardens of Australia; Zoological Gardens of Asia: Southwest Asia (Middle East); South Asia; Southeast Asia; Indonesia; East Asia; Zoological Gardens of India; Zoological Gardens of Japan; Zoological Gardens of Africa; Zoological Gardens of South and Central America: Argentina; Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Guyana; Peru; Venezuela; Central America; Index....(more)" |